In the prison they were treated with the utmost rigor; they were confined in the innermost ward, and their feet put in the stocks. About midnight, as they were engaged in praying and singing hymns, while the other prisoners were listening to them, the building was shaken by a severe earthquake which threw open the prison doors.
The jailer, who was on the point of taking his own life, reassured by Paul regarding the safety of the prisoners, brought Paul and Silas into his house where he tended their wounds, set food before them, and, after hearing the gospel, was baptized together with his whole household Acts On the morrow the magistrates, thinking that by dismissing from the town those who had been the cause of the previous day's disturbance they could best secure themselves against any repetition of the disorder, sent the lictors to the jailer with orders to release them.
Paul refused to accept a dismissal of this kind. As Roman citizens he and Silas were legally exempt from scourging, which was regarded as a degradation 1 Thessalonians , and the wrong was aggravated by the publicity of the punishment, the absence of a proper trial and the imprisonment which followed Acts Doubtless Paul had declared his citizenship when the scourging was inflicted, but in the confusion and excitement of the moment his protest had been unheard or unheeded.
Now, however, it produced a deep impression on the magistrates, who came in person to ask Paul and Silas to leave the city. They, after visiting their hostess and encouraging the converts to remain firm in their new faith, set out by the Egnatian Road for Thessalonica Acts How long they had stayed in Philippi we are not told, but the fact that the foundations of a strong and flourishing church had been laid and the phrase "for many days" Acts lead us to believe that the time must have been a longer one than appears at first sight.
Ramsay St. Several points in the narrative of these incidents call for fuller consideration. The number of resident Jews was small, their meetings for prayer took place on the river's bank, the worshippers were mostly or wholly women Acts , and among them some, perhaps a majority, were proselytes.
Of Jewish converts we hear nothing, nor is there any word of Jews as either inciting or joining the mob which dragged Paul and Silas before the magistrates. Further, the whole tone of the epistle. True, there is one passage Philippians in which Paul denounces "the concision," those who had "confidence in the flesh"; but it seems "that in this warning he was thinking of Rome more than of Philippi; and that his indignation was aroused rather by the vexatious antagonism which there thwarted him in his daily work, than by any actual errors already undermining the faith of his distant converts" Lightfoot.
We are here not in a Greek or Jewish city, but in one of those Roman colonies which Aulus Gellius describes as "miniatures and pictures of the Roman people" Noctes Atticae, xvi. In the center of the city is the forum agora, Acts , and the general term "magistrates" archontes, English Versions of the Bible, "rulers," Acts is exchanged for the specific title of praetors stratagoi, English Versions of the Bible "magistrates," Acts , 22, 35, 36, 38 ; these officers are attended by lictors rhabdouchoi, English Versions "sergeants," Acts , 38 who bear the fasces with which they scourged Paul and Silas rhabdizo, Acts The charge is that of disturbing public order and introducing customs opposed to Roman law Acts , 21 , and Paul's appeal to his Roman civitas Acts at once inspired the magistrates with fear for the consequences of their action and made them conciliatory and apologetic Acts , The title of praetor borne by these officials has caused some difficulty.
The supreme magistrates of Roman colonies, two in number, were called duoviri or duumviri iuri dicundo , and that this title was in use at Philippi is proved by three inscriptions Orelli, Number ; Heuzey, Mission archeologique, 15, The most probable explanation of the discrepancy is that these magistrates assumed the title Of praetor, or that it was commonly applied to them, as was certainly the case in some parts of the Roman world Cicero De lege agraria ii0.
Paul the Traveler, ; has brought forward the attractive suggestion that Luke was himself a Philippian, and that he was the "man of Macedonia" who appeared to Paul at Troas with the invitation to enter Macedonia Acts In any case, the change from the 3rd to the 1st person in Acts marks the point at which Luke joined the apostle, and the same criterion leads to the conclusion that Luke remained at Philippi between Paul's first and his third visit to the city see below.
Ramsay's hypothesis would explain a the fullness and vividness of the narrative of Acts ; b the emphasis laid on the importance of Philippi ; and c the fact that Paul recognized as a Macedonian the man whom he saw in his vision, although there was nothing either in the language, features or dress of Macedonians to mark them out from other Greeks.
Yet Luke was clearly not a householder at Philippi Acts , and early tradition refers to him as an Antiochene see, however, Ramsay, in the work quoted The reading of Codices Sinaiticus, Alexandrinus, Ephraemi, etc.
But it is doubtful whether Makedonias is to be taken with the word which precedes or with that which follows, and further the sense derived from the phrase is unsatisfactory. For prote must mean either 1 first in political importance and rank, or 2 the first which the apostle reached. But the capital of the province was Thessalonica, and if tes meridos be taken to refer to the easternmost of the 4 districts into which Macedonia had been divided in B.
Nor is the other rendering of prote adopted, e. It supposes that Luke reckoned Neapolis as belonging to Thrace, and the boundary of Macedonia as lying between Philippi and its seaport; moreover, the remark is singularly pointless; the use of estin rather than en is against this view, nor is prote found in this sense without any qualifying phrase.
Lastly, the tes in its present position is unnatural; in Codex Vaticanus it is placed after, instead of before, meridos, while D the Bezan reviser reads kephale tes Makedonias. Of the emendations which have been suggested, we may notice three: a for meridos Hort has suggested Pieridos, "a chief city of Pierian Macedonia"; b for prote tes we may read protes, "which belongs to the first region of Macedonia"; c meridos may be regarded as a later insertion and struck out of the text, in which case the whole phrase will mean, "which is a city of Macedonia of first rank" though not necessarily the first city.
Paul's Later Visits: Paul and Silas, then, probably accompanied by Timothy who, however, is not expressly mentioned in Acts between and , left Philippi for Thessalonica, but Luke apparently remained behind, for the "we" of Acts does not appear again until , when Paul is once more leaving Philippi on his last journey to Jerusalem. The walled city includes all elements necessary to convey its values, and is not subject to development or neglect. The modern asphalted road, closed in , which essentially follows the route of the ancient Via Egnatia, will be dismantled east of the west entrance to the site near the Museum.
The walled city was subject to major destruction in the earthquake of CE. Many stones and elements of the buildings including inscriptions and mosaic and opus sectile floors remain in situ from that time, although some stones were subsequently reused in later buildings. Modern constructions and interventions at the site have been generally limited to archaeological investigations and necessary measures for the protection and enhancement of the site. For the most part the principle of reversibility has been respected and the walled city can be considered authentic in terms of form and design, location and setting.
The area of the adjacent town is covered by planning requirements to report archaeological finds during works. The boundaries of the property and buffer zone are clearly defined on the maps and the property will be fully fenced in the near future. The Management Plan was drafted in and will be implemented by a seven-member committee including representatives of government and municipal agencies and co-ordinated by the Head of the local Ephorate of Antiquities.
A conservation strategy aimed at unifying and upgrading the property and identifying the priority projects and funding sources will be included in the Management Plan, together with a co-ordinated archaeological research plan aimed at better understanding and interpretation of the site and an overall database as a basis for monitoring and conservation. About us. Special themes.
Major programmes. For the Press. Help preserve sites now! Join the , Members. Continue to the theater and climb right up to the back of the auditorium, then onto the hillside beyond.
Carved into the rocks are dozens of pictures of women. Many are representations of Artemis, here seen standing with a bow. But many others appear to be women in normal clothes. Some are depicted with objects seen as associated with women, such as mirrors or distaffs. Others hold babies.
Both Artemis and the women tend to be framed by depictions of structures that look like temples. Who are these women? Some must be second- or third-century women because they are carved into rock faces left by quarrying for second-century town development.
Others are hard to date because they are carved into native hillside rock. Valerie Abrahamsen argues they are priestesses of Artemis. Jason Lamoreaux argues they are devotees of Artemis using the inscriptions as thank-offerings for successful births.
Each theory has its strengths, although Lamoreaux is probably the most specific in the supporting material he offers from other sites. Scholars working in this area have also noted the prominence of women in New Testament texts relating to Philippi: Lydia and the possessed slave woman in Acts ; Euodia and Syntyche in Phil Can we relate them to archaeological remains from women in Philippi?
One point is clear, regardless of interpretation: for a woman to abandon Artemis and follow Christ would not be something to undertake lightly. Peter Oakes, "Philippi", n. Peter Oakes Professor, University of Manchester.
Philippi was a Roman colony in northeastern Greece where Paul founded his first Christian congregation in Europe. The famous Philippians in the New Testament feature four coworkers of the apostle Paul—three women Lydia, Euodia, and Syntyche and one man Epaphroditus —all highly valued for their dedicated leadership in the church and staunch commitment to Christ.
At Philippi various cultures, peoples, and groups interacted, struggled, and came into conflict with one another while under imperial domination.
Despite living in a male-dominated society, the early church at Philippi seems to have accepted women in prominent leadership roles. We remained in this city for some days.
View more. The historical period from the beginning of Western civilization to the start of the Middle Ages. The historical period generally spanning from the fifth century to the fifteenth century C.
Timothy Joins Paul and Silas 1Paul went on also to Derbe and to Lystra, where there was a disciple named Timothy, the son of a Jewish woman who was a believer; An outpost or territory of the ancient Roman Empire that was annexed but not yet an official imperial province.
0コメント