These organizations, whether authorized by the Government or not, are charged with innumerable outrages, abuses, and murders, always on behalf of the companies that employ them. Who is not aware of the irritating discrimination governing construction of the company camps? Comfort for the foreign personnel; misery, drabness, and insalubrity for the Mexicans.
Refrigeration and protection against tropical insects for the former; indifference and neglect, medical service and supplies always grudgingly provided, for the latter; lower wages and harder, more exhausting labor for our people. Another inevitable consequence of the presence of the oil companies, strongly characterized by their anti-social tendencies, and even more harmful than all those already mentioned, has been their persistent and improper intervention in national affairs.
They have had money, arms, and munitions for rebellion, money for the anti-patriotic press which defends them, money with which to enrich their unconditional defenders. But for the progress of the country, for establishing an economic equilibrium with their workers through a just compensation of labor, for maintaining hygienic conditions in the districts where they themselves operate, or for conserving the vast riches of the natural petroleum gases from destruction, they have neither money, nor financial possibilities, nor the desire to subtract the necessary funds from the volume of their profits.
Nor is there money with which to meet a responsibility imposed upon them by judicial verdict, for they rely on their pride and their economic power to shield them from the dignity and sovereignty of a Nation which has generously placed in their hands its vast natural resources and now finds itself unable to obtain the satisfaction of the most elementary obligations by ordinary legal means. As a logical consequence of this brief analysis, it was therefore necessary to adopt a definite and legal measure to end this permanent state of affairs in which the country sees its industrial progress held back by those who hold in their hands the power to erect obstacles as well as the motive power of all activity and who, instead of using it to high and worthy purposes, abuse their economic strength to the point of jeopardizing the very life of a Nation endeavoring to bring about the elevation of its people through its own laws, its own resources, and the free management of its own destinies.
With the only solution to this problem thus placed before it, I ask the entire Nation for moral and material support sufficient to carry out so justified, important, and indispensable a decision. And, finally, as the fear may arise among the interests now in bitter conflict in the field of international affairs that a deviation of raw materials fundamentally necessary to the struggle in which the most powerful nations are engaged might result from the consummation of this act of national sovereignty and dignity, we wish to state that our petroleum operations will not depart a single inch from the moral solidarity maintained by Mexico with the democratic nations, whom we wish to assure that the expropriation now decreed has as its only purpose the elimination of obstacles erected by groups who do not understand the evolutionary needs of all peoples and who would themselves have no compunction in selling Mexican oil to the highest bidder, without taking into account the consequences of such action to the popular masses and the nations in conflict.
It was a progressive measure taken by him in order to stop the pressures exerted by U. However, the expropriation had international repercussions. The foreign-owned oil companies retaliated by imposing an embargo against Mexican oil. The country's oil exports decreased by 50 percent, and the it's primary customer for oil became Nazi Germany.
Expropriation also led the British, who had counted upon Mexican and Venezuelan oil exports in the event of a war with Germany, to sever diplomatic relations with Mexico. President Franklin Roosevelt decided to back Cardena's measures because he wanted to maintain good relations with his immediate neighbor. These were war times and Roosevelt found it strategically necessary to have Mexico as an ally. The U.
Today, Mexico is the world's 10th largest oil producer and has some of the largest reserves in the Western Hemisphere. However, most of the easy-to-access reserves have been consumed and the state oil company, Pemex, which has a constitutional monopoly over oil production, refining and commercialization, lacks the funds, resources, infrastructure and technology needed to exploit harder-to-get deep-water oil and gas reserves. According to analysts, the bad management of Pemex has led to this crisis, and currently the company has insufficient resources to develop new technology.
Mexico's recent administrations reiterated the urgent need to revise its constitution and energy sector regulations to allow private companies, possibly including foreign ones, into that industry. He concluded a pact with the main opposition parties conservative PAN and leftist PRD , in order to develop legislation to enact that agenda that facilitated the passage of education, telecommunications, fiscal and energy reforms.
The PRD vigorously opposed most of the reforms, but most particularly the one involving Pemex, so instead it presented a proposal focused on reforming the company while simultaneously granting it greater budget autonomy and lowering its tax burden. In mid-August , however, Mexico's Senate approved several amendments to the country's constitution that opened the door to the privatization of Mexico's vast energy sector. According to leftist leaders and organizations, the U.
Cardenas insisted that the oil industry should be defended because it should serve the Mexican people and not benefit foreign interests.
According to the Mexican Constitution, a political party can ask the Supreme Court to approve a referendum on any law if it gathers at least 1. These have to be verified by local authorities. Comment on facebook Comment on teleSUR 0. Post with no comments. He proceeded to carry it out and gave the people personal attention and patience.
His six-year term was marked by maintaining his revolutionary faith. Much of his term was spent on the road visiting remote villages and listening to the complaints and ideas of the people of Mexico. Labor gained new power as it reorganized under Lombardo Toledano — in the Mexican Confederation of Labor. The nationalization of the railroads was completed and turned over to governmental control.
In petroleum holdings in Mexico owned by foreign countries were also nationalized. This action would be described as Mexico's declaration of economic independence. Mexico then opened its doors to political exiles those forced to leave a country for political reasons. These exiles included the Russian revolutionist Leon Trotsky — and a considerable number of Republican Spanish refugees. In October he strongly urged the students to end violence. He remained a supporter of rapid reform, but by peaceful means.
He died on October 19, , in Mexico City, Mexico. Ashby, Joe C. Mexico: Siglo Veintiuno Editores,
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